Dynamical effects of internal gravity waves in the equinoctial thermosphere

Using a recently developed spectral nonlinear gravity wave (GW) parameterization implemented into a 3-D coupled general circulation model, the effects of a broad spectrum of small-scale internal GWs of lower atmospheric origin on the equinoctial thermosphere are studied for the first time. GWs propagate to F region altitudes in both hemispheres, producing appreciable drag on the mean zonal wind. Some modifications of the two-cell equinoctial mean circulation by GWs are simulated, too. The mean zonal GW drag is comparable to the ion drag up to ∼260km in the middle- and high-latitudes. While the mean dynamical effect of GWs is the deceleration of the mean flow, the instantaneous GW body force can have both signs. In the Southern Hemisphere high-latitude, GWs are found to produce large torque of more than 1000ms−1 day−1 the mechanism of which is investigated in detail. GW anisotropy plays a crucial role in offsetting and modulating wave filtering, introducing increased favourable conditions for westerly harmonics in the high-latitudes. This leads to a very large localized eastward GW drag reaching a maximum in the upper thermosphere as a consequence of enhanced molecular viscosity, thermal conduction, and ion drag. Finally, the high-latitude distribution of the GW body force is presented in the upper thermosphere along with the comparison with ion drag. It demonstrates significant interhemispheric differences and large longitudinal variations in GW momentum deposition. ► We study the vertical coupling between the lower and upper atmosphere via gravity waves. ► Using a new parameterization, gravity wave dynamical effects are examined. ► Mechanism for large gravity wave drag in the thermosphere is investigated. ► Anisotropy is an important mechanism for gravity wave penetration into the thermosphere.