Robot-assisted intermanual transfer of handwriting skills

► Robots were effective in training healthy subjects to write with non-dominant hand. ► Only an assistance modality (trajectory guidance) was preferable to visual assistance. ► Trajectory guidance resulted in improved accuracy and lower movement variability. ► Movement duration decreased after training for all subjects. We examined whether intermanual transfer of fine motor skills can be facilitated by training in a virtual environment. We focused on three types of assistance: visual – subjects could see a reference template on a computer screen – and two variants of haptic assistance. Subjects held a planar robot manipulandum and were required to write isolated cursive letters of an approximate size of 5cm. Therefore, the task was similar to writing on a horizontal blackboard. The robot generated forces that were directed either towards the reference template (path guidance) or towards the reference trajectory (trajectory guidance). The training protocol consisted of three assisted exercise sessions on three consecutive days. Performance on the following day was tested to assess retention. After training, the improvement in trajectory shape was only significant in trajectory guidance and, to a lesser extent, visual guidance. Path guidance exhibited no significant improvement. These effects were substantially retained one day after the end of training. Similar effects were observed in shape variability. Furthermore, all training modalities caused a reduction in movement duration, but no significant differences were observed among groups. These results suggest that robot assistance may be beneficial for improving intermanual transfer, but inclusion of temporal information in the guidance strategy is essential for learning to take place.