Epidemiological patterns of perniosis, and its association with systemic disorder

Summary Background. There are few studies exploring the epidemiological properties of perniosis (chilblains) and its association with systemic disorders. Aim. To collect epidemiological data for perniosis, to investigate any association with systemic disorders, and to identify markers for the differential diagnosis of idiopathic and secondary perniosis. Methods. This was a prospective study of 51 patients with perniosis [female : male ratio 2.64 : 1, mean ± SD age 24.6 ± 14.7 years, with 25 patients (49%) aged 0–18 years]. Each patient was interviewed, and signs suggestive of connective‐tissue disorders were recorded. Detailed laboratory investigations including autoimmune parameters were performed. Results. Significant proportions of the patients had both chronic and idiopathic perniosis (P