Duration of untreated psychosis: Relationship with baseline characteristics and three-year outcome in first-episode psychosis

Abstract Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) has been considered as one of the few potentially malleable prognostic factors in psychotic illness. The literature demonstrated that prolonged DUP predicted the level of positive symptoms, but its relationships with negative symptoms and functional outcome were less clear-cut. Thus far, most first-episode studies have been conducted in western countries. Yet, it is known that illness outcome might be modified by socio-cultural factors. In this study, we aimed to examine the impact of DUP on baseline characteristics, clinical and vocational outcomes over 3 years in 700 Chinese young people who presented with first-episode psychosis to a specialized early intervention service in Hong Kong. Our results showed that prolonged DUP was associated with male sex, younger age of onset, schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis, insidious development of psychosis, fewer baseline positive symptoms and less likelihood of hospitalization at intake. Regression analyses revealed that prolonged DUP was significantly predictive of outcome on positive symptoms, recovery and sustained full-time employment in our first-episode psychosis cohort. Taken together, our study provided further supportive evidence regarding the prognostic value of DUP on illness outcome. Additionally, it suggested that an adverse impact of treatment delay for psychosis may likely be applied across regions of various ethno-cultural backgrounds.