Staphylococcus aureus of bovine origin: Genetic diversity, prevalence and the expression of adhesin-encoding genes

Staphylococcus aureus is a well-armed pathogen that is a leading cause of bovine mastitis. Attempts to define a set of bacterial proteins that are crucial for infection have failed. The identification of these proteins is important to define biomarkers that can be used for diagnostic purposes and to identify potential vaccine targets. In this study, seven genes that encode virulence factors were analyzed in 85 bacterial isolates that were derived from animals with bovine mastitis. The clfB, spa, sdrCDE and fnBP genes were detected in 91.8%, 85.9%, 85.9% and 63.5% of the isolates, respectively. At least one gene was present in all of the strains, while the most prevalent combination was clfB and sdrCDE (82.4%). The genetic diversity of the isolates was high and allowed for clustering into more than 40 groups, with each group containing bacteria collected from different locations. The gene expression of the four most prevalent adhesins was examined in nine genetically distinct strains. No common pattern of expression was observed for the genes, suggesting that the capacity of S. aureus to cause infection may rely on differential expression of the virulence factors in different isolates. Our results conclude that using only one antigen is unlikely to provide effective protection against bovine mastitis and suggest that a combination of at least three adhesins may be more suitable for developing preventive therapies. We also conclude that the characterization of isolates distributed worldwide is necessary to improve our understanding of pathogenesis in the natural populations of S. aureus.