Measuring recollection and familiarity: Improving the remember/know procedure

► Recollection and familiarity are thought to both contribute to recognition. ► They are commonly measured with the remember/know (RK) procedure. ► We review evidence that the RK procedure is meaningful and consider alternatives. ► We suggest ways to use the procedure as accurately as possible. ► The RK procedure, when used with care, is a valid and important method. The remember/know (RK) procedure is the most widely used method to investigate recollection and familiarity. It uses trial-by-trial reports to determine how much recollection and familiarity contribute to different kinds of recognition. Few other methods provide information about individual memory judgements and no alternative allows such direct indications of recollection and familiarity influences. Here we review how the RK procedure has been and should be used to help resolve theoretical disagreements about the processing and neural bases of components of recognition memory. Emphasis is placed on procedural weaknesses and a possible confound of recollection and familiarity with recognition memory strength. Recommendations are made about how to minimise these problems including using modified versions of the procedure. The proposals here are important for improving behavioural and lesion research, and vital for brain imaging work.