First report on the presence of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins enniatins (A, A sub(1, B, B) sub(1)), beauvericin and fusaproliferin in rice on the Moroccan retail markets

Seventy samples of rice purchased from local markets in six cities from Morocco (Rabat, Casablanca, Kenitra, Mohammadia, Tanger and Errachidia) were analyzed for the presence of six emerging mycotoxins: four enniatins ENs (ENA, ENA sub(1, ENB and ENB) sub(1)), beauvericin (BEA) and fusaproliferin (FUS). Samples were extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile/water (85/15, v/v) by using an ultra-turrax homogenizer. Mycotoxins were then identified and quantified with liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to diode array detector (DAD). Positive samples were confirmed with an LC-MS/MS. Analytical results showed that BEA was present in 75.7% of total analyzed samples. BEA levels varied between 3.8 and 26.3 mg/kg. The frequencies of contamination of samples with total ENs and FUS were 50% and 4.3%, respectively. Among the ENs, ENB was the mycotoxin much more found (30% of total samples), while ENB sub(1, ENA and ENA) sub(1) were found in 24.6%, 22.8% and 5.7% of total samples, respectively. The high ENs value was registered in a rice sample from kenitra (448.7 mg/kg of ENA sub(1). This is the first study that describes the presence of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins in rice available in Morocco.)