Influence of neuroticism and conscientiousness on working memory training outcome

► Participants trained on a single or on a dual n-back task for a period of 4weeks. ► We examined changes in working memory capacity and fluid intelligence. ► The dual n-back training was more effective for participants low in neuroticism. ► The single n-back training was more effective for participants high in neuroticism. ► Conscientiousness was associated with high training score but with low far transfer. We investigated whether and how individual differences in personality determine cognitive training outcomes. Forty-seven participants were either trained on a single or on a dual n-back task for a period of 4weeks. Fifty-two additional participants did not receive any training and served as a no-contact control group. We assessed neuroticism and conscientiousness as personality traits as well as performance in near and far transfer measures. The results indicated a significant interaction of neuroticism and intervention in terms of training efficacy. Whereas dual n-back training was more effective for participants low in neuroticism, single n-back training was more effective for participants high in neuroticism. Conscientiousness was associated with high training scores in the single n-back and improvement in near transfer measures, but lower far transfer performance, suggesting that subjects scoring high in this trait developed task-specific skills preventing generalizing effects. We conclude by proposing that individual differences in personality should be considered in future cognitive intervention studies to optimize the efficacy of training.