Indirect Impact-Angle-Control Against Stationary Targets Using Biased Pure Proportional Navigation

The primary objective of guidance design, i.e., intercepting the target; may not always be sufficient by itself; some special requirements could necessitate other objectives be introduced. For several applications, a second objective is dictated by the need to approach the target from a certain direction, which can be interpreted as the requirement to achieve a certain impact angle. A well-known example from missile applications is constraining the impact angle for enhanced warhead effectiveness.