Recent advances on applications and biotechnological production of d-psicose

d -Psicose is a hexoketose monosaccharide sweetener, which is a C-3 epimer of d -fructose and is rarely found in nature. It has 70 % relative sweetness but 0.3 % energy of sucrose, and is suggested as an ideal sucrose substitute for food products. It shows important physiological functions, such as blood glucose suppressive effect, reactive oxygen species scavenging activity, and neuroprotective effect. It also improves the gelling behavior and produces good flavor during food process. This article presents a review of recent studies on the properties, physiological functions, and food application of d -psicose. In addition, the biochemical properties of d -tagatose 3-epimerase family enzymes and the d -psicose-producing enzyme are compared, and the biotechnological production of d -psicose from d -fructose is reviewed.