Rhinitis due to actinobacillosis in a UK suckler cow herd

Clinical signs in order of appearance were stertorous respiratory noise, nasal discharge (blood, pus and/or clear mucus), excess salivation, parotid lymph node swelling, submandibular oedema, clear ocular discharge, tongue rolling and excessive licking, self-trauma and ulceration of the nasal planum, weight loss and rapid reduction in milk yield. Grossly, nasal lesions consisted of a proliferative rhinitis suggesting a number of differentials including atopic/allergic rhinitis, nasal schistosomiasis, nasal mycosis, Pseudalleschia boydii species complex and Nocardia species infection and nasal actinobacillosis/actinomycosis plus nasal tumour (eg, squamous-cell carcinoma, lymphoma ( Gorrie 1961 , Carbonell 1976 , Shibahara and others 2001, Brown and others 2007, Singh and others 2007).