Country-specific correlations across Europe between modelled atmospheric cadmium and lead deposition and concentrations in mosses

Previous analyses at the European scale have shown that cadmium and lead concentrations in mosses are primarily determined by the total deposition of these metals. Further analyses in the current study show that Spearman rank correlations between the concentration in mosses and the deposition modelled by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) are country and metal-specific. Significant positive correlations were found for about two thirds or more of the participating countries in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005 (except for Cd in 1990). Correlations were often not significant and sometimes negative in countries where mosses were only sampled in a relatively small number of EMEP grids. Correlations frequently improved when only data for EMEP grids with at least three moss sampling sites per grid were included. It was concluded that spatial patterns and temporal trends agree reasonably well between lead and cadmium concentrations in mosses and modelled atmospheric deposition. ► Cd and Pb concentration in mosses was determined at up to 7300 sites in Europe. ► Correlations were determined with EMEP modelled Cd and Pb deposition (1990–2005). ► For two thirds or more countries correlations were significantly positive. ► Moss concentrations complement deposition measurements at high spatial resolution. For the majority of European countries a significant positive correlation was found between modelled atmospheric cadmium and lead deposition and concentration in mosses.