Pointing accuracy of a joy stick without visual feedback

To determine how accurately man can point a joy stick at visual targets without visual feedback as to the position of the stick, 7 Ss were given four experimental trials, each consisting of one presentation of each of 24 targets to which the S pointed. "1. Pointing errors ranged from1° to 52°, with a mean of 13.4°. 90% of the pointing errors were 25° or less in magnitude. 2. There was a correspondence between magnitude of errors and locus of the visual target . . . . 3. There was a tendency for Ss to undershoot targets located around the periphery of the target space and to overshoot targets located around the center of the space."