Memory, imagination, learning, and the higher mental processes (experimental)

Reviews studies (1913) on intellectual processes, memory and imagination. Paramnesia is a special form of weakening of memory images due to partial amnesia of associative processes. Various forms of imagery exist, e.g., verbal motor, visual and tactual imagery, as well as a nonsensory remembrance. Association capacity correlates with mental capacity. The direction of association has also been studied. Recall is better after 2 or 3 days than immediately after learning, and improves with practice; while recognition decreases with time. H. Ebbinghaus' curve of forgetting is criticized. Certain invertebrates show the presence of primitive mnemic function. Attention plays an important role in remembering. A study reveals the absence of incidental memory in most Ss, attitude significantly affecting perceiving and learning. Imagination and thinking are differentiated according to certain fundamental differences of apperception.