An image encryption based on Fibonacci sequence and fusion of advanced encryption standard-least significant bit method

Image encryption is a vital field ensuring the secure transmission of digital images. In this study, encryption is the core process, employing complex mathematical algorithms and cryptographic keys to transform the original image into a secure format, shielding visual data from unauthorized access during transmission. To enhance security, the research integrates Fibonacci and advanced encryption standard (AES)-least significant bit (LSB) methodologies for a complex key generation system. This mechanism introduces intricate transformations within the image data, creating patterns challenging for potential attackers to decipher. Evaluation of the algorithm's performance reveals efficiency in terms of mean squared error (MSE) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). The RGB cover image achieves the lowest MSE of 0.0001 and the highest PSNR values ranging from 44.31 to 49.27. Integration of the Fibonacci sequence notably improves visual quality, enhancing both MSE and PSNR metrics. Unified average changing intensity (UACI) and normalized pixel change rate (NPCR) assessments consistently show the effectiveness of the algorithm, with the RGB cover image presenting the highest UACI and NPCR values. Future research directions involve exploring advanced encryption algorithms, optimizing techniques for highdimensional datasets, and addressing ethical implications in image encryption, contributing to the development of adaptable and secure solutions.