Is Empathy Linked to Prosocial and Antisocial Traits and Behavior? It Depends on the Form of Empathy
Empathy is a complex behavior that is related to a variety of different social outcomes. In particular, researchers have focused on empathy's significant links to prosocial and antisocial behavior. Recent research suggests that these links may not apply equally to emerging (and diverging) forms...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Canadian journal of behavioural science 2023-01, Vol.55 (1), p.75-80 |
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| creator | Brazil, Kristopher J. Volk, Anthony A. Dane, Andrew V. |
| description | Empathy is a complex behavior that is related to a variety of different social outcomes. In particular, researchers have focused on empathy's significant links to prosocial and antisocial behavior. Recent research suggests that these links may not apply equally to emerging (and diverging) forms of empathy. The literature has distinguished affective (feeling what someone feels), cognitive (knowing what someone feels), and sympathetic (caring about what someone feels) forms of empathy. The present study examined how these three forms of empathy related to prosocial and antisocial personality traits and behavior in a sample of adolescents (a developmental period when pro-/antisocial traits tend to consolidate). We found that sympathetic empathy was uniquely positively associated with each of the three traits underlying altruism of the HEXACO model-Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, and Agreeableness-and prosocial behavior, and uniquely negatively related with aggression and psychopathic traits. Affective empathy was uniquely positively associated only with Emotionality, whereas cognitive empathy was uniquely positively related to prosocial (but not antisocial) behavior. Our results support viewing empathy as a multifaceted construct with sympathetic empathy being the best predictor of prosocial and antisocial traits or behavior.
L'empathie est un comportement complexe qui est rattaché à divers résultats sur le plan social. En particulier, les chercheurs se sont concentrés sur les principaux liens entre l'empathie et des comportements prosociaux et antisociaux. Des recherches récentes suggèrent que ces liens ne s'appliquent pas de façon uniforme aux différentes formes d'empathie émergentes (et divergentes). Les recherches ont établi la distinction entre diverses formes d'empathie : affective ou émotionnelle (ressentir ce que ressentl'autre), cognitive (savoir ce que ressentl'autre) et compassionnelle (se soucier de ce que ressent l'autre). Dans la présente étude, on a examiné en quoi les trois formes étaient reliées aux traits de personnalité prosociaux et antisociaux ainsi qu'aux comportements dans un échantillon d'adolescents (période de développement pendant laquelle les traits pro ou anti-sociaux tendent à se consolider). Nous avons observé que l'empathie compassionnelle était uniquement associée positivement à chacun des trois traits sous-jacents à l'altruisme du modèle HEXACO - honnêteté-humilité (H), l'émotivité (E) et l'agréabilité (A) - et au comportemen |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1037/cbs0000330 |
| format | Article |
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L'empathie est un comportement complexe qui est rattaché à divers résultats sur le plan social. En particulier, les chercheurs se sont concentrés sur les principaux liens entre l'empathie et des comportements prosociaux et antisociaux. Des recherches récentes suggèrent que ces liens ne s'appliquent pas de façon uniforme aux différentes formes d'empathie émergentes (et divergentes). Les recherches ont établi la distinction entre diverses formes d'empathie : affective ou émotionnelle (ressentir ce que ressentl'autre), cognitive (savoir ce que ressentl'autre) et compassionnelle (se soucier de ce que ressent l'autre). Dans la présente étude, on a examiné en quoi les trois formes étaient reliées aux traits de personnalité prosociaux et antisociaux ainsi qu'aux comportements dans un échantillon d'adolescents (période de développement pendant laquelle les traits pro ou anti-sociaux tendent à se consolider). Nous avons observé que l'empathie compassionnelle était uniquement associée positivement à chacun des trois traits sous-jacents à l'altruisme du modèle HEXACO - honnêteté-humilité (H), l'émotivité (E) et l'agréabilité (A) - et au comportement prosocial, et elle était uniquement associée négativement aux traits d'agressivité et de psychopathie. L'empathie affective était uniquement associée positivement à l'émotivité, tandis que l'empathie cognitive était uniquement associée positivement au comportement prosocial (mais pas au comportement antisocial). Nos résultats appuient la notion que l'empathie est un construit aux multiples facettes, et que l'empathie compassionnelle est la meilleure pour prédire des traits ou des comportements prosociaux et antisociaux.
Public Significance Statement
Empathy is regarded as a crucial factor that enables children and adolescents to develop prosocial rather than antisocial characteristics. However, empathy is a multifaceted construct, and this study sought to clarify the relative importance of each facet. As expected, sympathetic empathy was a more consistent, unique predictor of more prosocial and fewer antisocial traits and behavior than either cognitive or affective empathy, which has important implications for interventions promoting empathy.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0008-400X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-2669</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1037/cbs0000330</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Ottawa: Educational Publishing Foundation</publisher><subject>Adolescent Development ; Aggressive Behavior ; Antisocial Behavior ; Antisocial personality disorder ; Child development ; Emotionality (Personality) ; Empathy ; Female ; Human ; Initiatives ; Male ; Meta-analysis ; Personality Traits ; Prosocial Behavior ; Psychopathy ; Sympathy ; Teenagers</subject><ispartof>Canadian journal of behavioural science, 2023-01, Vol.55 (1), p.75-80</ispartof><rights>2022 Canadian Psychological Association</rights><rights>2022, Canadian Psychological Association</rights><rights>Copyright Canadian Psychological Association Jan 2023</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a252t-2f04bb8b057735a5da5c16831ffd2842aae27e03d6798252110751eafe300ca63</citedby><orcidid>0000-0002-4475-8134 ; 0000-0002-0333-0748</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27903,27904</link.rule.ids></links><search><contributor>Roy-Charland, Annie</contributor><creatorcontrib>Brazil, Kristopher J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Volk, Anthony A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dane, Andrew V.</creatorcontrib><title>Is Empathy Linked to Prosocial and Antisocial Traits and Behavior? It Depends on the Form of Empathy</title><title>Canadian journal of behavioural science</title><description>Empathy is a complex behavior that is related to a variety of different social outcomes. In particular, researchers have focused on empathy's significant links to prosocial and antisocial behavior. Recent research suggests that these links may not apply equally to emerging (and diverging) forms of empathy. The literature has distinguished affective (feeling what someone feels), cognitive (knowing what someone feels), and sympathetic (caring about what someone feels) forms of empathy. The present study examined how these three forms of empathy related to prosocial and antisocial personality traits and behavior in a sample of adolescents (a developmental period when pro-/antisocial traits tend to consolidate). We found that sympathetic empathy was uniquely positively associated with each of the three traits underlying altruism of the HEXACO model-Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, and Agreeableness-and prosocial behavior, and uniquely negatively related with aggression and psychopathic traits. Affective empathy was uniquely positively associated only with Emotionality, whereas cognitive empathy was uniquely positively related to prosocial (but not antisocial) behavior. Our results support viewing empathy as a multifaceted construct with sympathetic empathy being the best predictor of prosocial and antisocial traits or behavior.
L'empathie est un comportement complexe qui est rattaché à divers résultats sur le plan social. En particulier, les chercheurs se sont concentrés sur les principaux liens entre l'empathie et des comportements prosociaux et antisociaux. Des recherches récentes suggèrent que ces liens ne s'appliquent pas de façon uniforme aux différentes formes d'empathie émergentes (et divergentes). Les recherches ont établi la distinction entre diverses formes d'empathie : affective ou émotionnelle (ressentir ce que ressentl'autre), cognitive (savoir ce que ressentl'autre) et compassionnelle (se soucier de ce que ressent l'autre). Dans la présente étude, on a examiné en quoi les trois formes étaient reliées aux traits de personnalité prosociaux et antisociaux ainsi qu'aux comportements dans un échantillon d'adolescents (période de développement pendant laquelle les traits pro ou anti-sociaux tendent à se consolider). Nous avons observé que l'empathie compassionnelle était uniquement associée positivement à chacun des trois traits sous-jacents à l'altruisme du modèle HEXACO - honnêteté-humilité (H), l'émotivité (E) et l'agréabilité (A) - et au comportement prosocial, et elle était uniquement associée négativement aux traits d'agressivité et de psychopathie. L'empathie affective était uniquement associée positivement à l'émotivité, tandis que l'empathie cognitive était uniquement associée positivement au comportement prosocial (mais pas au comportement antisocial). Nos résultats appuient la notion que l'empathie est un construit aux multiples facettes, et que l'empathie compassionnelle est la meilleure pour prédire des traits ou des comportements prosociaux et antisociaux.
Public Significance Statement
Empathy is regarded as a crucial factor that enables children and adolescents to develop prosocial rather than antisocial characteristics. However, empathy is a multifaceted construct, and this study sought to clarify the relative importance of each facet. As expected, sympathetic empathy was a more consistent, unique predictor of more prosocial and fewer antisocial traits and behavior than either cognitive or affective empathy, which has important implications for interventions promoting empathy.</description><subject>Adolescent Development</subject><subject>Aggressive Behavior</subject><subject>Antisocial Behavior</subject><subject>Antisocial personality disorder</subject><subject>Child development</subject><subject>Emotionality (Personality)</subject><subject>Empathy</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Human</subject><subject>Initiatives</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Meta-analysis</subject><subject>Personality Traits</subject><subject>Prosocial Behavior</subject><subject>Psychopathy</subject><subject>Sympathy</subject><subject>Teenagers</subject><issn>0008-400X</issn><issn>1879-2669</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kE9LAzEQxYMoWKsXP0HAm7Ca_9mepNZWCwU9VPAWZrNZurXdrEkq9Nu7tZXenMvwHr95Aw-ha0ruKOH63haRdMM5OUE9mutBxpQanKJeZ-aZIOTjHF3EuOykklL0UDmNeLxuIS22eFY3n67EyeO34KO3NawwNCUeNqk-yHmAOsVf99Et4Lv24QFPE35yrWvKiH2D08LhiQ9r7Ku_5Et0VsEquqvD7qP3yXg-eslmr8_T0XCWAZMsZawioijygkituQRZgrRU5ZxWVclywQAc047wUulB3l1QSrSkDirHCbGgeB_d7HPb4L82Liaz9JvQdC8Np2KglaJM_EcxJShRRHDSUbd7ynZdxOAq04Z6DWFrKDG7rs2x6yMMLZg2bi2EVNuVi3YTgmvSjjVSGmq05D8S1n5n</recordid><startdate>202301</startdate><enddate>202301</enddate><creator>Brazil, Kristopher J.</creator><creator>Volk, Anthony A.</creator><creator>Dane, Andrew V.</creator><general>Educational Publishing Foundation</general><general>Canadian Psychological Association</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7RZ</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>0-V</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4T-</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>88J</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FQ</scope><scope>8FV</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ALSLI</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2R</scope><scope>M3G</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-8134</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0333-0748</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202301</creationdate><title>Is Empathy Linked to Prosocial and Antisocial Traits and Behavior? It Depends on the Form of Empathy</title><author>Brazil, Kristopher J. ; Volk, Anthony A. ; Dane, Andrew V.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a252t-2f04bb8b057735a5da5c16831ffd2842aae27e03d6798252110751eafe300ca63</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Adolescent Development</topic><topic>Aggressive Behavior</topic><topic>Antisocial Behavior</topic><topic>Antisocial personality disorder</topic><topic>Child development</topic><topic>Emotionality (Personality)</topic><topic>Empathy</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Human</topic><topic>Initiatives</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Meta-analysis</topic><topic>Personality Traits</topic><topic>Prosocial Behavior</topic><topic>Psychopathy</topic><topic>Sympathy</topic><topic>Teenagers</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Brazil, Kristopher J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Volk, Anthony A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dane, Andrew V.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>APA PsycArticles®</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Docstoc</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Social Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Canadian Business & Current Affairs Database</collection><collection>Canadian Business & Current Affairs Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Social Science Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>ProQuest Psychology</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Social Science Database</collection><collection>CBCA Reference & Current Events</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><jtitle>Canadian journal of behavioural science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Brazil, Kristopher J.</au><au>Volk, Anthony A.</au><au>Dane, Andrew V.</au><au>Roy-Charland, Annie</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Is Empathy Linked to Prosocial and Antisocial Traits and Behavior? It Depends on the Form of Empathy</atitle><jtitle>Canadian journal of behavioural science</jtitle><date>2023-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>55</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>75</spage><epage>80</epage><pages>75-80</pages><issn>0008-400X</issn><eissn>1879-2669</eissn><abstract>Empathy is a complex behavior that is related to a variety of different social outcomes. In particular, researchers have focused on empathy's significant links to prosocial and antisocial behavior. Recent research suggests that these links may not apply equally to emerging (and diverging) forms of empathy. The literature has distinguished affective (feeling what someone feels), cognitive (knowing what someone feels), and sympathetic (caring about what someone feels) forms of empathy. The present study examined how these three forms of empathy related to prosocial and antisocial personality traits and behavior in a sample of adolescents (a developmental period when pro-/antisocial traits tend to consolidate). We found that sympathetic empathy was uniquely positively associated with each of the three traits underlying altruism of the HEXACO model-Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, and Agreeableness-and prosocial behavior, and uniquely negatively related with aggression and psychopathic traits. Affective empathy was uniquely positively associated only with Emotionality, whereas cognitive empathy was uniquely positively related to prosocial (but not antisocial) behavior. Our results support viewing empathy as a multifaceted construct with sympathetic empathy being the best predictor of prosocial and antisocial traits or behavior.
L'empathie est un comportement complexe qui est rattaché à divers résultats sur le plan social. En particulier, les chercheurs se sont concentrés sur les principaux liens entre l'empathie et des comportements prosociaux et antisociaux. Des recherches récentes suggèrent que ces liens ne s'appliquent pas de façon uniforme aux différentes formes d'empathie émergentes (et divergentes). Les recherches ont établi la distinction entre diverses formes d'empathie : affective ou émotionnelle (ressentir ce que ressentl'autre), cognitive (savoir ce que ressentl'autre) et compassionnelle (se soucier de ce que ressent l'autre). Dans la présente étude, on a examiné en quoi les trois formes étaient reliées aux traits de personnalité prosociaux et antisociaux ainsi qu'aux comportements dans un échantillon d'adolescents (période de développement pendant laquelle les traits pro ou anti-sociaux tendent à se consolider). Nous avons observé que l'empathie compassionnelle était uniquement associée positivement à chacun des trois traits sous-jacents à l'altruisme du modèle HEXACO - honnêteté-humilité (H), l'émotivité (E) et l'agréabilité (A) - et au comportement prosocial, et elle était uniquement associée négativement aux traits d'agressivité et de psychopathie. L'empathie affective était uniquement associée positivement à l'émotivité, tandis que l'empathie cognitive était uniquement associée positivement au comportement prosocial (mais pas au comportement antisocial). Nos résultats appuient la notion que l'empathie est un construit aux multiples facettes, et que l'empathie compassionnelle est la meilleure pour prédire des traits ou des comportements prosociaux et antisociaux.
Public Significance Statement
Empathy is regarded as a crucial factor that enables children and adolescents to develop prosocial rather than antisocial characteristics. However, empathy is a multifaceted construct, and this study sought to clarify the relative importance of each facet. As expected, sympathetic empathy was a more consistent, unique predictor of more prosocial and fewer antisocial traits and behavior than either cognitive or affective empathy, which has important implications for interventions promoting empathy.</abstract><cop>Ottawa</cop><pub>Educational Publishing Foundation</pub><doi>10.1037/cbs0000330</doi><tpages>6</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-8134</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0333-0748</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adolescent Development Aggressive Behavior Antisocial Behavior Antisocial personality disorder Child development Emotionality (Personality) Empathy Female Human Initiatives Male Meta-analysis Personality Traits Prosocial Behavior Psychopathy Sympathy Teenagers |
| title | Is Empathy Linked to Prosocial and Antisocial Traits and Behavior? It Depends on the Form of Empathy |
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