A critical review of the history and practices of millets in India

Millets have a long-standing history in India, and one can trace their cultivation and consumption to ancient times. This critical review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the history, practices, significance, and diverse applications of millets in India by drawing information from a range of ancient texts. Millets have played a crucial role in India's agriculture and dietary landscape for millennia. However, despite their historical importance, there has been a recent resurgence of interest in millets due to their potential health benefits, climate-resilient nature, and sustainable agricultural practices. The literature on millets is scattered across various historical texts such as Veda , Purana , and Samhita , making it imperative to consolidate this information systematically. The review of historical sources reveals a rich diversity of millets in India, with over 28 distinct species. These include Balbaja , Kangu , Priyangu , Shyamaka , Kodrava , Nivara , Yavanala , Gavedhuka , Chinaka , Uddalaka , Charuka , Chanaka , Venuyava , Varuka , Varaka , Varattika , Todaparani , Madhulika , Nandimukhi , Nala , Nali , Mukunda , Sarabeejam , Shimbira , Nartaka , Prashatika , Ragi , and Kuri . Historical texts provide insights into millet cultivation techniques, traditional practices, and their importance in Indian diets. The consolidation of historical knowledge about millets is essential for understanding their potential as a sustainable and nutritional food source. Further research is needed to explore the mechanistic aspects of their nutritional and ecological significance.