ROLE OF ENDOPHYTES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FUNGAL AND BACTERIAL DISEASES AND MECHANISMS INVOLVED

Endophytes, which are typically bacteria or fungi, are vital for sustainable agriculture by inhabiting both inter- and intracellular spaces within plants. Pathogens exert a significant impact on plants, leading to global annual crop losses. Due to their distinctive abilities, fungal and bacterial endophytes are essential in biocontrol, and the synthesis of bioactive compounds that effectively combat plant diseases. While pesticides and fungicides have the potential to control pathogen growth in plants and improve crop yield, their widespread use contributes to environmental pollution and poses various health risks to animals and humans. Consequently, there arises a necessity for alternative biocontrol agents, providing environmentally friendly methods to efficiently combat plant diseases. This review investigates the involvement of fungal and bacterial endophytes in addressing fungal and bacterial pathogens, delving into their biocontrol mechanisms.