Analysis of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-1β levels with adrenocorticotropic hormone levels in farmers: early detection of vascular inflammation due to pesticide exposure

Pesticides have a severe impact on environmental pollution and human health, causing significant self-poisoning deaths in low- and middle-income countries. This study examines inflammation in farmers due to pesticide exposure by measuring MCP-1, IL-1β, and levels of ACTH. Using a cross-sectional design, 312 participants from conventional and organic farmer groups in Dau District, Malang Regency, were randomly selected. Results showed IL-1β levels were 633.29 ± 33.20 pg/mL in conventional farmers and 308.52 ± 65.18 pg/L in organic farmers (p