A review on various preclinical models of Parkinson’s disease

The purpose of this review is to learn about the various types of screening models for Parkinson’s disease (PD), and the molecular methods that supporting them. Review contains all of the specific information regarding inducers and how they act to cause neurodegeneration. Because the dopaminergic neurons in the SNPc are disrupted, so less synthesis of inhibitory dopamine, so loss in smooth physical movement of body, that leads to motor dysfunction and symptoms like stiffness, akinesia, bradykinesia, tremors. Understanding the neuroprotective effects of various medicines requires animal studies. We can induced the PD in rodents such as rats, mice, hamsters, and Guinea pigs using a variety of inducers. In this review, the numerous inducers are discussed, including Rotenone, MPTP (MPTP), 6-OHDA (6-Hydroxydopamine), Paraquat, and Manganese. A short overview of genetic models and animal models based on in-vitro viral infection is also included. 6-OHDA is administered intracerebroventricularly, primarily in the midbrain of mice and rats because it cannot pass the BBB. In the rat or mouse brain, PD can be induced at three different locationssubstantianigra, Straitum, and medial forebrain bundle (MFB). It structure resemble to dopamine, 6-OHDA is captured by dopaminergic neurons through DAT and oxidized, producing free radicals like H2O2 that leads to oxidative stress, causes neurodegeneration. Further oxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction are caused when MPTP easily crosses the BBB, Rotenone is used as a pesticide and a herbicide it crosses BBB, in this model we see the α-synuclein aggregation and Lewy body inclusion responsible for neurodegeneration. Paraquat additionally affects the mitochondrial redox cycle which leads to further oxidation. In this review, we emphasize the inducers 6-OHDA, MPTP, Rotenone, Paraquat, manganese, genetic and viral-based preclinical models of (PD) Parkinson’s Disease.