Environmental Anthropology of Fluoride: A Comprehensive Anthropological Study of Fluoride Mining, Production, and Contamination Impacts

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to ascertain the anthropogenic effects resulting from the extraction and processing of fluorite. Specifically, it aims to analyze and quantify the relationship between fluoride content in different areas influenced by industrial production and agricultural activities, and to examine the health effects arising from chronic fluoride exposure in affected populations in China with comperison of neighborhood country Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 579 participants, categorized into high, moderate, and low fluoride exposure groups. Participants completed a 35-item questionnaire covering environmental, medical, and industrial dimensions. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22, employing chi-square tests to determine significant associations between fluoride exposure and health outcomes. Results: High fluoride exposure was associated with significant health issues: 70% prevalence of dental fluorosis, 65% skeletal fluorosis, and 60% cognitive impairments. The study found inconsistent implementation of emission control technologies among industrialists, with only 70% fully adopting such measures. These findings underscore the need for better regulatory compliance and public health interventions. Conclusions: The study concludes that industrial and agricultural activities substantially contribute to fluoride contamination, causing severe health problems. Effective mitigation requires stringent regulations, advanced emission control technologies, and robust public awareness campaigns. Future research should involve longitudinal studies and include more stakeholders, particularly from the agricultural sector.