What’s happening in place branding

Places have interesting histories. Every student has heard about the battle in ancient Greece between Athens and Sparta. Athens was a highly Democratic city with outstanding culture and knowledge. Sparta was its opposite, a city organized along military lines. Famous battles took place (431–404 BC) between these city-states, known as the Peloponnesian War. Students also have read about the famous medieval Italian city-states of Venice, Milan, Florence, Genoa, Perugia, and Pisa that carried on trade around Europe, each carrying on state competition with each other. Later these cities were absorbed in the formation of the Italian nation. National states began to take over all the cities.