Advancements in Valorization of Food Waste Resources by Microalgae for Sustainable Biorefinery Production

The increasing global population has led to a significant accumulation of food waste. It is important to focus on reducing food waste instead of disposal methods like landfilling and incineration, which have severe environmental impacts. Upcycling food waste has emerged as an effective strategy for repurposing discarded food into higher-value products. However, concerns about food safety and public acceptance of products directly produced from food waste persist. Consequently, there is growing interest in utilizing food waste rich in moisture and biodegradable organic compounds as a potential medium for cultivating microalgae. This review article examines the utilization of food waste as a culture medium for microalgae cultivation and the methods for treating food waste to enhance its nutrient content. Additionally, it discusses the influence of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus on microalgae growth and external factors such as pH and light intensity. The article also addresses the innovation of the food supply chain from environmental, social, and economic perspective, along with food safety and public acceptability concerns. Furthermore, it explores the legislative issues surrounding products derived from food waste and the end use of microalgae biomass produced from food waste. Overall, this review provides insight into the potential of microalgae cultivation using food waste, serving as a platform towards the realization of a circular bioeconomy.