Machine Learning–Based Analysis of Sustainable Biochar Production Processes

Biochar production from biomass sources is a highly complex, multistep process that depends on several factors, including feedstock composition (e.g., type of biomass, particle size) and operating conditions (e.g., reaction temperature, pressure, residence time). However, the optimal set of variables for producing the maximum amount of biochar with the required characteristics can be determined by using machine learning (ML). In light of this, the purpose of this paper is to examine ML applications in biochar processes for the production of sustainable fuels. First, recent developments in the field are summarized, and then, a detailed review of ML applications in biochar production is presented. Following that, a bibliometric analysis is done to illustrate the major trends and construct a comprehensive perspective for future studies. It is found that biochar yield is the most common target variable for ML applications in biochar production. It is then concluded that ML can help to detect hidden patterns and make accurate predictions for determining the combination of variables that results in the desired properties of biochar which can be later used for decision-making, resource allocation, and fuel production.