Emerging Bioactive Delivery Systems for Enhanced Wound Healing in Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent endocrine disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Chronic wounds in diabetic patients are a major concern, with high morbidity and mortality rates due to lower-extremity amputations and death. Impaired wound healing in diabetes is a complex process because of various factors like elevated oxidative stress, prolonged inflammation, and high bacterial burden. Understanding the differences in molecular and immunological responses between normal and diabetic wound healing is vital. Hence, this review highlights the impact of hyperglycemia and the polyol pathway on mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic wounds. It explores the potential of various nanoparticles such as inorganic, organic, biomaterials, and hydrogels as a novel therapeutic strategy for diabetic wound healing through improved its efficacy. In addition, it focuses on the mechanisms by which nanoparticles can influence molecular and pathophysiological changes to promote healing. It emphasizes the growing interest in advanced approaches like hydrogels and liposome-encapsulated bacteriophages or peptides for future applications. Overall, this review examines the advancements in nanoparticle-based therapies specifically designed to revolutionize diabetic wound healing in patients.