The Antibacterial Efficacy and Cytotoxicity of Incorporating Nanoparticles into Sodium Hypochlorite as Irrigant Solution

This study aimed to compare the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial efficacy of 2.5% NaOCl combined with chitosan or propolis nanoparticles at different concentrations. Nanoparticles were prepared and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The nanoparticles were divided into different concentrations (0.625, 1, and 3 mg/mL chitosan and 4, 5, and 5.5 mg/mL propolis) and combined with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Antibacterial activity was tested using agar well diffusion assay with Enterococcus faecalis biofilm generated on cellulose nitrate membrane filters after overnight incubation at 37 °C. Two-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post hoc test was used to evaluate reduction in CFUs among all groups, and P