Investigating the Bulk Properties of Charged Particles in Different \(\eta\) Bins Using a Modified Tsallis Model

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the double-differential \(p_T\) distributions of charged particles in twelve distinct pseudorapidity regions of equal width in \(pp\) collisions at center-of-mass energies of 0.9, 2.36, and 7 TeV. Utilizing the modified Tsallis function with mean transverse flow velocity, our study demonstrates a very good agreement between experimental data and the model employed. The fit quality is consistently high across all \(p_T\) ranges, as assessed by Data/Fit panels accompanying each plot. Extracted parameters, including kinetic freeze-out temperature (\(T_0\)), transverse flow velocity (\(\beta_T\)), non-extensivity parameter (\(q\)) and mean transverse momentum \(\langle p_T \rangle\) dependencies are shown on pseudorapidity (\(\eta\)) and collision energy (\(\sqrt{s}\)). \(T_0\), \(\beta_T\) and \(\langle p_T \rangle\) exhibit a decreasing trend with increasing \(\eta\) due to lower in energy transfer along high \(\eta\) regions, while they show a heightened sensitivity to \(\sqrt{s}\). \(q\) increases with \(\eta\), indicating a closer thermal equilibrium in mid-\(\eta\) particles. The paper also explores correlations among these parameters, emphasizing relationships between \(T_0\), \(\beta_T\), \(q\) and \(\langle p_T \rangle\). Our study provides valuable insights into the thermal and dynamic characteristics of high-energy proton-proton collisions, contributing to the broader understanding of the bulk properties of nuclear matter produced in these interactions.