Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), past, present and future: a review

VHS is an extremely epizootic virus that causes high morbidity in cold-water fish. Nearly 100 species of fish in the northern hemisphere are affected by VHS disease, which has significant economic consequences for the aquaculture industry. It is crucial to understand how this virus affects fish. The spread of virus depends on environmental factors and the age of fish species. As the temperature rises, the virus's spread increases. In general, salmonid fish are particularly susceptible to VHSV and juvenile fish are also more sensitive to it. The virus is transmitted from infected water to various host species. Various methods of diagnosing and preventing diseases are presented. This review provides a comprehensive overview of VHS disease, including the species affected, diagnosis and detection of the virus, morphology, phylogeny, pathogenicity, and other important aspects.