Differences in technical performance of heading between men and women football players in FIFA World Cup 2022™ and FIFA Women’s World Cup 2023™ matches

The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of headers, attempted headers, and other head impacts, and the difference in heading descriptors, including technical performance, between men and women in a purposive sample of FIFA World Cup 2022 (FWC2022) and FIFA Women’s World Cup (FWWC2023) matches. A Chi-Square test (with effect size calculation) was used to assess the strength of association between categorical data (or t-test for continuous data) with the effect size reported using Cramer's V (or Cohen's d); α-error was set at p=