Sex/gender differences in knee symptoms, function, quality of life, and confidence across patellofemoral pain and osteoarthritis

Outcomes included Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) 5 subscales: pain, symptoms, function in daily living (ADL), function in sports and recreation (Sport/Rec), and quality of life (QoL) subscales; patellofemoral-related symptoms and function (Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS) and KOOS-PF subscale); and trouble with knee confidence (KOOS-QOL item 3). The models were adjusted for age, sex, and body mass, and included an interaction term (PF condition-by-sex). Otherwise, the interaction term was dropped, and the association between PF condition and outcome was evaluated whilst adjusting for age, body mass, and sex.