Synergistic effect of elevated CO2 and straw amendment on N2O emissions from a rice–wheat cropping system

Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is one of the most important climate-forcing gases, and a large portion of global anthropogenic N 2 O emissions come from agricultural soils. Yet, how contrasting global change factors and agricultural management can interact to drive N 2 O emissions remains poorly understood. Here, conducted within a rice–wheat cropping system, we combined a two-year field experiment with two pot experiments to investigate the influences of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO 2 ) and crop straw addition to soil in altering N 2 O emissions under wheat cropping. Our analyses identified consistent and significant interactions between eCO 2 and straw addition, whereby eCO 2 increased N 2 O emissions (+ 19.9%) only when straw was added, and independent of different N fertilizer gradients and wheat varieties. Compared with the control (i.e., ambient CO 2 without straw addition), eCO 2 + straw addition increased N 2 O emission by 44.7% and dissolved organic carbon to total dissolved nitrogen (DOC/TDN) ratio by 115.3%. Similarly, eCO 2 and straw addition significantly impacted soil N 2 O-related microbial activity. For instance, the ratio of the abundance of N 2 O production genes (i.e., nirK and nirS ) to the abundance of the N 2 O reduction gene (i.e., nosZ ) with straw addition was 26.0% higher than that without straw under eCO 2 . This indicates an increased denitrification potential and suggests a change in the stoichiometry of denitrification products, affecting the balance between N 2 O production and reduction, leading to an increase in N 2 O emissions. Taken together, our results emphasize the critical role of the interaction between the specific agronomic practice of straw addition and eCO 2 in shaping greenhouse gas emissions in the wheat production system studied, and underline the need to test the efficacy of greenhouse gas mitigation measures under various management practices and global change scenarios. Graphical abstract