Innovative Strategies for Dye Removal from Textile Wastewater: A Comprehensive Review of Treatment Approaches and Challenges

Wastewater generated by the textile industry contains a variety of harmful and complex substances. These effluents can negatively impact aquatic ecosystems and human health if not managed properly. The textile industry relies on various chemicals and water to dye and wash fabric. The textile effluent exhibits vibrant colours, elevated pH levels, increased temperature, and higher COD levels. Various factors contribute to the increased pollutant load in effluents, including diluted solids, suspended particles, colours, and toxic metals. Various techniques are used to address textile wastewater, including mechanical, chemical, biological, hybrid, and advanced oxidation methods. This study offers a thorough examination of the dyes and chemicals utilized in the textile industry. It specifically looks at various treatment methods for removing pollutants from industrial wastewater, including chemical, biological, physical, AOPs, and hybrid systems. The findings suggest that photocatalytic techniques are the most effective in terms of rapid dye removal, cost-effectiveness, timeliness, and environmental friendliness. This review also offers a detailed analysis of the past decade and explores the challenges and potential of this innovative approach in the context of sustainable development. Graphical Abstract