Propolis: A Preventative/Therapeutic Agent against Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss and cognitive dysfunction, which interferes with independent activities of daily living. AD has been ranked low in terms of both the satisfaction level with the treatment outcomes and the contribution of relevant drugs. For this reason, discovery of effective multifunctional agents with disease-modifying capability is required for successful management of AD. Brazilian green propolis (propolis) is a natural resinous substance produced by Apis mellifera honey bees from the buds of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae). Propolis mainly consists of caffeoylquinic acid and multiple derivatives of cinnamic acid, including artepillin C, p-coumaric acid, baccharin, and drupanin. Several studies have reported that propolis is effective for treatment of cognitive dysfunction, depressed mood, anxiety, and pain. However, the potential molecular mechanism by which propolis might prevent or ameliorate AD pathology remains unclear. In this review, we summarize current strategies for AD and the potent beneficial effect of propolis on AD pathology.