Graphene-based 2D materials for rechargeable batteries and hydrogen production and storage: a critical review

Batteries and hydrogen energy devices are considered the most critical technologies for achieving zero carbon dioxide emissions. However, they still suffer from several limitations, including low efficiency, short cycling life, low storage, and poor safety. With their strong mechanical strength (flexibility), chemical inertness, large surface area, remarkable thermal stability, and excellent electrical and high ion conductivity, graphene can overcome some of the issues associated with batteries and hydrogen energy devices. The properties of various two-dimensional (2D) materials make them potential candidates for a wide range of applications (batteries and hydrogen energy devices), thereby gaining considerable interest. Similarly, graphene has the potential for efficient hydrogen production and storage because of its large surface area and adjustable porosity. Graphene/2D composite materials are promising electrodes for lithium batteries, hydrogen storage, and production applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of graphene/2D composite materials for lithium batteries and hydrogen storage and production applications.