Low-Frequency Intensity Modulation of High-Frequency Rotor Noise

Acoustic spectra of rotor noise yield frequency distributions of energy within pressure time series. However, they are unable to reveal phase relations between different frequency components while these play a role in the fundamental understanding of low-frequency intensity modulation of higher-frequency rotor noise. A methodology to quantify interfrequency modulation is applied to a comprehensive acoustic dataset of a fixed-pitch benchmark rotor, operating at a low Reynolds number and at advance ratios ranging from [Formula: see text] to 0.61. Our findings strengthen earlier observations in case of a hovering rotor, in which the modulation of the high-frequency noise is strongest around an elevation angle of [Formula: see text] (below the rotor plane). For the nonzero advance ratios, modulation becomes dominant in the sector [Formula: see text] and is most pronounced at the highest advance ratio tested ([Formula: see text]). Intensity modulation of high-frequency noise is primarily the consequence of a far-field observer experiencing a cyclic sweep through the noise directivity pattern of relatively directive trailing-edge noise. This noise component becomes more intense with increasing [Formula: see text] and is associated with broadband features of the partially separated flow over the rotor blades.