Unveiling the biological effects of radio-frequency and extremelylow frequency electromagnetic fields on the central nervous system performance

[...]it is essential to acknowledge that ELF-EMF exposure has also been linked to the induction of anxiety states, oxidative stress, and alterations in hormonal regulation. [...]ELF-EMR exposure alters hippocampal function, notch signaling pathways, the antioxidant defense system, and synaptic activities. [...]dynamic EMF undergoes temporal changes, leading to the emergence of electromagnetic radiation (EMR).9 An EMR is comprised of perpendicular electric and magnetic fields, moving through space at the speed of light and bearing both momentum and electromagnetic radiant energy.9 As shown in Fig. 1, the EMR spectrum encompasses sundry frequencies, including non-ionizing radiations, such as radio waves, infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet, and ionizing radiations, including X-rays and gamma rays. The RF-EMR generates dipole charges, causing the particles to attract each other to form chaînes.18,21 Another nonthermal effect is the dielectric saturation observed in solutions containing proteins and other biological macromolecules subjected to intense RF-EMR exposure. Narayanan et al have observed that RF-EMR exposure induces a transient increase in the BBB's permeability for macromolecules.38 Stam et al have reported that the intracranial temperature rises by more than 1 °C due to RF-EMR exposure.39 This phenomenon highlights the potential impact of RF-EMR on the BBB function and its implications for neural health.39 Schirmacher et al demonstrated that 1.8 GHz RF-EMR exposure increases the BBB permeability to sucrose.40 In animal experiments on rats, Nittby et al observed that albumin leaked through the BBB at 900 MHz frequencies.41 However, Kuribayashi et al