Redox-active conductive metal–organic framework with high lithium capacities at low temperatures

Lithium-ion batteries suffer from reduced capacities and stabilities at low temperature due to poor Li intercalation to the graphite anode. Graphite has a high activation energy (∼0.6 eV) to accommodate Li ions, resulting in a substantial capacity drop at low temperatures. Additionally, it can induce the formation of Li dendrites on the surface of graphite. To address this issue, we designed and synthesized a redox-active fluorothianthrene-based MOF (SKIER-5). SKIER-5, which undergoes three-electron redox reactions resulting from the fluorothianthrene-based organic ligand and Ni, exhibited excellent electrochemical performance at various temperatures when used as an anode. In particular, the discharge capacities of SKIER-5 were significantly higher than those of commercial graphite at low temperatures (