Antimicrobial peptides from plants and microorganisms for plant disease management

Plant disease control faces a lot of challenges due to its overdependence on chemicals that have strict restrictions and regulatory requirements. With the increase in drug‐resistant pathogens and continual crop losses due to disease outbreaks, much attention has been brought to a new set of emerging antibiotics called antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). AMPs are a group of multifunctional, short‐sequence peptides that are usually cationic in nature and found in all living organisms. They are part of the innate immune system of different organisms and exhibit a wide range of inhibitory effects on microorganisms, making them potential therapeutic factors efficacious as an alternate resource for plant disease management. AMPs interact with the anionic cell membrane of the pathogen and cause cell lysis or inhibit crucial intracellular targets. AMPs can be isolated from almost all life forms ranging from microbes to mammals. In addition to these sources, AMPs are also being synthesized using recombinant methods with the goal of overcoming the constraints of natural AMPs with regard to stability, activity and toxicity. Recent advancements have been made to develop transgenic plants expressing AMPs that has proved to perform better than the use of antibiotics. This review highlights the different kinds of AMPs produced by plants and microorganisms along with their mode of action, target pathogens, structural characteristics and advancements in this field, which include isolation methods, synthetic AMPs and transgenic plants expressing AMPs. This review highlights the role of antimicrobial peptides from plants and microorganisms, models describing their mode of action, strategies to enhance their activity, and their current and potential use in plant disease management.