New perspectives on arteriosclerosis treatment using nanoparticles and mesenchymal stem cells

Arteriosclerosis (AS) presents a significant global health challenge, demanding innovative therapeutic strategies. This review explores the potential of nanoparticles (NPs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as promising modalities for treating AS. NPs enable targeted drug delivery, while MSCs possess immunomodulatory and regenerative capabilities. We discuss recent advances in NP-based drug delivery systems tailored for AS treatment and highlight MSCs’ roles in modulating inflammation and promoting vascular repair. Additionally, we examine the synergistic effects of combining NPs and MSCs for enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, this paper provides insights into targeting endothelial cells, T-cells, macrophages, lipid levels, and plaques in AS using MSCs. It also reviews various types of metal-based and non-metallic NPs utilized in AS therapy. This comprehensive overview underscores the potential synergies between MSCs and NPs in cardiovascular disease therapy, emphasizing the need for further research to fully realize their therapeutic implications. Graphical Abstract