Graphene-Based THz Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Hemoglobin Detection Applicable in Forensic Science

In this article, we have introduced an innovative sensor configuration employing a metasurface encompassing three rectangles configured into a star-shaped structure and multiple square-graphene elements—for accurate blood analysis. The suggested sensor architecture, characterized by its hierarchical structural configuration, offers several advantages crucial for accurate and reliable detection of target biomolecules. The star-shaped pattern, meticulously constructed with specific dimensions, significantly increases the surface area exposed to target compounds, thereby enhancing sensor sensitivity. Forensic science is at the core of investigations into crimes. It is undoubtedly crucial to modern legal structures. It is a constantly growing field that is always looking for new ways to increase the level of accuracy, sensitivity, and effectiveness of evidence examination. Terahertz (THz) spectra have recently developed as a sophisticated method with incredible potential in every aspect of forensics. A critical component of this endeavor is the development of THz sensors capable of detecting hemoglobin, a crucial protein in the evaluation of blood. The proposed sensor displays a remarkable level of sensitivity, with a maximum value of 300 GHzRIU −1 and a detection limit of 1.013 RIU −1 . Moreover, the sensor demonstrates its capacity to detect subtle variations through its resolutions and Figure of Merit (FOM), quantified respectively as 0.268 and 1.796 RIU −1 .