Extreme drought with seasonal timing consistently promotes CH4 uptake through inconsistent pathways in a temperate grassland, China

Methane (CH 4 ) is a potent greenhouse gas that has a substantial impact on global warming due to its substantial influence on the greenhouse effect. Increasing extreme precipitation events, such as drought, attributable to global warming that caused by greenhouse gases, exert a profound impact on the intricate biological processes associated with CH 4 uptake. Notably, the timing of extreme drought occurrence emerges as a pivotal factor influencing CH 4 uptake, even when the degree of drought remains constant. However, it is still unclear how the growing season regulates the response of CH 4 uptake to extreme drought. In an effort to bridge this knowledge gap, we conducted a field manipulative experiment to evaluate the impact of extreme drought on CH 4 uptake during early, middle, and late growing stages in a temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The result showed that all extreme drought consistently exerted positive effects on CH 4 uptake regardless of seasonal timing. However, the magnitude of this effect varied depending on the timing of season, as evidenced by a stronger effect in early growing stage than in middle and late growing stages. Besides, the pathways of CH 4 uptake were different from seasonal timing. Extreme drought affected soil physical-chemical properties and aboveground biomass (AGB), consequently leading to changes in CH 4 uptake. The structural equation model showed that drought both in the early and middle growing stages enhanced CH 4 uptake due to reduced soil water content (SWC), leading to a decrease in NO 3 − -N and an increase in pmo A abundance. However, drought in late growing stage primarily enhanced CH 4 uptake only by decreasing SWC. Our results suggested that seasonal timing significantly contributed to regulate the impacts of extreme drought pathways and magnitudes on CH 4 uptake. The findings can provide substantial implications for understanding how extreme droughts affect CH 4 uptake and improve the prediction of potential ecological consequence under future climate change.