Analysis of polarization error of sensors based on michelson interferometer

In this paper, we establish a comprehensive model for polarization errors in sensors based on Michelson interferometers. An analytical model of polarization error is derived using the Jones matrix method and optical path tracing methodology. The findings demonstrate that the non-reciprocity of the cross-coupling waves, stemming from variations in the polarization cross-coupling positions between the upper and lower interferometer arms in the Michelson interferometer, is the source of polarization error. This non-reciprocity gives rise to amplitude-type error and intensity-type error in the interferometer, both of which can be mitigated by increasing the extinction ratio of the polarizer and reducing the polarization cross-coupling in the optical path. Moreover, employing a light source with low degree of polarization reduces the correlation between orthogonal polarization states, effectively reducing amplitude-type error. When the extinction ratio of the polarizer is limited and the polarization cross-coupling in the optical path is challenging to control, this method proves effective in suppressing amplitude-type error, which is a dominant factor of polarization error, thus enhancing the performance of the sensor. The analysis presented in this paper provides theoretical support for the fabrication and application of Michelson interferometer sensors and holds significant importance for improving sensors’ performance.