Enhancing bone tissue regeneration: a review synergistic hydrogel approach for comprehensive bone repair

A comprehensive approach to utilization of optimal materials derived from hydroxyapatite and chitosan for mending bone fractures has been studied. These materials consist of granules and hydrogel components encompassing essential constituents such as Ca 2+ (calcium), PO 4 3− (phosphate), OH − (hydroxyl), and NH 2 (amino), which play a pivotal role in absorbing material ions within fractured bones, facilitating osteoconduction. The study demonstrates the efficacy of the freeze-drying method as a versatile technique for creating hydrogels for bone repair. This method encompasses three primary phases: freezing (ensuring sample solidification), primary drying (sublimating frozen water), and secondary drying (eliminating unfrozen water). Concurrently, the article highlights the process of osteoinduction, involving the stimulation of new bone tissue growth facilitated by osteoblasts. These osteoblasts contribute to bone metabolism by synthesizing diverse bone matrix proteins, regulating matrix mineralization, and overseeing osteoclastic activities, angiogenesis, thereby fostering enhanced bone formation within soft tissue. Additionally, this process activates expedited bone growth in stem cells and blood within bone structures.