Integrated Feedback Perimeter Control–Based Ramp Metering and Variable Speed Limits for Multibottleneck Freeways

AbstractMacroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD)–based perimeter traffic flow control has been attempted to develop coordinated ramp metering (CRM) strategies for multibottleneck freeway networks operating around capacity. However, the effectiveness of these strategies may be limited by the minimum admissible on-ramp flow (e.g., due to queue saturation or minimum green time), potentially resulting in local congestion. This paper addresses these challenges from two aspects. First, a coordinated ramp control approach was developed to handle situations where the desired flow of an on-ramp falls below the minimum admissible flow. Second, variable speed limits (VSLs) were integrated into the coordinated RM to enlarge the available control space. The proposed approach employs a three-layered control structure. The first layer determines the total on-ramp flow entering the freeway network, using an extended MFD-based feedback perimeter regulator. This regulator utilizes dynamic network accumulation set points to enhance the regulator’s effectiveness in the presence of heterogeneity. The second layer distributes the total on-ramp flow among the on-ramps, which includes determining the on-ramp flows without considering flow constraints and coordinating successive on-ramps to address potential constraint violations. The third layer determines VSL rates based on the control information of RM in the second layer and the coordinated control for successive VSLs. The proposed approach was evaluated using SUMO, a microscopic simulator, on a realistic freeway network (stretch), and compared with feedback RM, feedback VSLs, and their integration. Simulation results highlight that the proposed integrated controller (1) more effectively addresses congestion in the freeway, owing to its enhanced robustness and network-wide control benefits, (2) enlarges the control space to alleviate freeway congestion, and (3) performs better in terms of the density heterogeneity of the freeway.