Phylogeography of the Iberian endemic butterfly Erebia palarica Chapman, 1905 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): An integrative approach

Montane biodiversity is particularly vulnerable to rapid oscillations in environmental conditions. Recent modelling showed that only three of the 19 butterfly species of Erebia (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) currently present in Iberia would persist in a worst‐case scenario for 2070. One of them is Erebia palarica , endemic to Northwest Spain. We combined genetics, morphometrics and ecological niche modelling to reconstruct its evolutionary history. First, sequences of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial gene obtained from 305 specimens revealed a double star‐like network that suggests a demographic expansion from two ancestral populations. This finding is congruent with the larger and disjunct putative distribution revealed by climatic modelling during the Last Glacial Maximum. Second, genotyping of 262 samples with seven microsatellite markers produced a large cluster at the centre‐East of the Cantabrian range, mostly affected by isolation by distance, and revealed different levels of structure in the western localities. Lastly, we reviewed the intraspecific taxonomy of the species. The westernmost site (Queixa) stands as a clearly separated unit according to genetic and morphometric analyses, which further supports its vague former description as subspecies E. p. castroviejoi . Altogether, the case of E. palarica exemplifies the complexity that narrow endemics can show and highlights that understanding the evolutionary history of species is crucial for designing adequate conservation strategies. A biodiversidade de montaña é particularmente vulnerable ás oscilacións bruscas das condicións ambientais. Un estudo recente baseado en modelado climático amosou que unicamente tres das dezanove especies actualmente presentes na Península Ibérica do xénero de bolboretas Erebia (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) persistirán no peor dos escenarios modelados para o ano 2070. Unha delas é Erebia palarica , endémica do noroeste español. Neste estudo, combinamos xenética, morfometría e modelado de nicho ecolóxico para reconstruír a súa historia evolutiva. Primeiramente, secuencias do xene mitocondrial da citocromo oxidasa I (COI) de 305 espécimes revelaron unha rede de haplotipos con forma de dobre estrela, o que suxire unha expansión demográfica desde dúas poboacións ancestrais. Este achado é congruente coa maior e descontinua distribución potencial revelada polo modelado de nicho climático para o último máximo glaciar (UMG). En segundo lugar, o xenotipado con sete marcador