Secure 3D: Secure and Energy Efficient Localization in 3D Environment using Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are extensively utilized across diverse applications, ranging from environmental monitoring to industrial automation. These networks deploy autonomous devices equipped with sensors to monitor environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and light. They play crucial roles in fields like precision agriculture, healthcare monitoring, and smart cities infrastructure. In the domain of WSNs, ensuring both security and precise localization is vital for sustaining optimal network performance and facilitating timely event detection. Despite numerous localization studies, existing approaches often fall short in 3D localization due to low beacon node accuracy and sparse environment coverage. Furthermore, achieving higher localization accuracy is challenging due to potential attacks that can compromise network integrity and reduce battery life. To address these issues, a novel Secure 3D algorithm is introduced in this paper to combat malicious beacon nodes as well as to enhance localization accuracy. The proposed Secure 3D algorithm demonstrates superior performance compared to the 3D DV-Hop, 3D APIT and Improved 3D localization algorithms in terms of Average Localization Error (ALE), Bad Node Proportion (BNP), and Localized Node Proportion (LNP), while also being energy-efficient. This algorithm achieves an ALE ranging from 3.0 to 6.5, a BNP below 0.2, and an LNP exceeding 0.8, all while consuming 100–130mW of energy. By addressing the challenges of malicious beacon nodes and enhancing localization accuracy, the proposed work not only improves network reliability but also ensures energy-efficient energy localization, making it a promising solution for enhancing the performance and security of WSNs in 3D environments.