The therapeutic potential of saharian monovarietal virgin olive oil (olea europea l.) on hematological, histological, and antioxidant status in titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced oxidative stress in rats

Olive oil, particularly monovarietal virgin olive oil (MVOO), has garnered significant attention due to its potential health benefits attributed to a rich composition of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to assess the composition of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity of monovarietal virgin olive oil (MVOO). Specifically, the objective was to investigate the protective effects of MVOO in alleviating the adverse effects induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NPTiO 2 ). Bioactive compounds in MVOO were analyzed using UV–visible spectrophotometry, along with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with a Photodiode Array (HPLC–PDA) for a comprehensive assessment. Antioxidant activity in vitro was evaluated through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) assays and on rats in vivo. A total of twenty-four male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: one served as the control (Control), and the three remaining groups were injected with NPTiO 2 . Among the NPTiO 2 -injected groups, one received no treatment (NPTiO 2 ), while the other two (NPTiO 2 + MVOO 1 and NPTiO 2 + MVOO 2 ) were treated with different doses of MVOO (2 g/kg bw and 6 g/kg bw). Commencing 24 h after NPTiO 2 injection, the treatment with MVOO began, and body weight was consistently recorded. After 6 weeks of dietary manipulation, the fasting animals were sacrificed, and evaluations of hematological parameters, biochemical parameters, and oxidative stress markers in the liver and kidney were conducted. Histological examinations were performed to confirm protective effects. The analysis revealed significant levels of bioactive compounds in MVOO, with a remarkable DDPH antioxidant activity of 87.70%. Additionally, HPLC–PDA revealed the presence of quercetin and cinnamic acid. NPTiO 2 induced oxidative stress, evidenced by increased biochemical parameters and elevated malondialdehyde levels in the liver and kidney (by + 91.30% and + 89.47%, respectively). Furthermore, there was a notable decrease in both hepatic and renal glutathione concentrations (-42% and -60%, respectively) and a reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities (GPx: -54.64% and -85.31%, GST: -77.70% and -74.33%, CAT: -87.21% and -73.11% for hepatic and renal, respectively), compared to the control group. Hematological profiles showed a decline in red blood cells and hemoglobin (-32.02%). Treatment with MVOO exhibited a protective effect by effectively mitigating biochemical parameters and enhanci