Diversity and Distribution Patterns of Biofouling Macrobenthos Based on the Ship Navigation Type

Hull fouling by marine organisms is a known major pathway for introducing non-indigenous species, but information on this process is very limited. This study aimed to investigate variations in species diversity and distribution patterns based on navigation type (domestic–international and international) and attachment area. This study investigated the attached macroinvertebrates on six ships in 2021 and 2022. Quadrat sampling (15 × 15 cm) was conducted by scuba divers at eight ship attachment areas. Forty species from seven phyla were identified through qualitative and quantitative surveys, with 17 attached species, including 10 non-indigenous species (NIS). Dominant species included Balanus trigonus , Amphibalanus amphitrite , and Bugula neritina . Cluster and non-metric multidimensional scaling analyses (nMDS) revealed four distinct groups based on species density, with significant differences between domestic–international and international ships. Statistical analyses indicated significant differences in species number, density, richness, and diversity index among groups, with Group D showing the highest values. The study emphasized international ships as primary introducers of NIS. Unique findings included differences in biofouling based on ship shape, antifouling paint conditions, and speed, highlighting the need for tailored management strategies based on navigation type and attachment area. This study urges further research to explore differences in attachment areas and emphasizes the importance of obtaining more information about ships for effective management.