Childhood Polyvictimization: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors and Outcomes

Objective: To provide an integrated and critical assessment of the risk factors and outcomes associated with childhood polyvictimization that can better inform actions to prevent violence against children. Method: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Checklist guidelines, a systematic search for peer-reviewed evidence was conducted in three major psychological databases and other sources (websites and reference lists of included articles), for publications from 2005 to 2023. Out of the 6,238 records screened, 26 studies in 34 reports met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers (Kmet et al., 2004). A narrative synthesis of their findings was conducted, and all variables presenting medium to large size effects were interpreted as holding the strongest support in their relationship to polyvictimization. Results: Polyvictimization arises from a complex interaction between individual, family, and community factors, which are likely to vary across social and cultural contexts. Repercussions have been found to significantly impair youths' mental health, behavior, and, consequently, the interpersonal relationships that could serve as sources of resilience (e.g., peers). Such effects tend to be stronger in youth accumulating the highest number of polyvictimization experiences. Conclusions: The encompassing nature of victimization calls for preventive actions aimed at minimizing vulnerabilities and enhancing protective skills and resources among potential victims.