Deepfake video detection: challenges and opportunities

Deepfake videos are a growing social issue. These videos are manipulated by artificial intelligence (AI) techniques (especially deep learning), an emerging societal issue. Malicious individuals misuse deepfake technologies to spread false information, such as fake images, videos, and audio. The development of convincing fake content threatens politics, security, and privacy. The majority of deepfake video detection methods are data-driven. This survey paper aims to thoroughly analyse deepfake video generation and detection. The paper’s main contribution is the classification of the many challenges encountered while detecting deepfake videos. The paper discusses data challenges such as unbalanced datasets and inadequate labelled training data. Training challenges include the need for many computational resources. It also addresses reliability challenges, including overconfidence in detection methods and emerging manipulation approaches. The research emphasises the dominance of deep learning-based methods in detecting deepfakes despite their computational efficiency and generalisation limitations. However, it also acknowledges the drawbacks of these approaches, such as their limited computing efficiency and generalisation. The research also critically evaluates deepfake datasets, emphasising the necessity for good-quality datasets to improve detection methods. The study also indicates major research gaps, guiding future deepfake detection research. This entails developing robust models for real-time detection.